اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Back

Vertebral column

The central bony pillar of the body. It supports the skull, pectoral girdle, upper limbs and thoracic cage, transmits body weight to the lower limbs through the pelvic girdle, and protects the spinal cord, nerve roots and meninges.

اہم نکات

• 33 vertebrae: C7, T12, L5, S5 (fused), Co ~4.
• Typical vertebra: body + arch (2 pedicles, 2 laminae); 7 processes (1 spinous, 2 transverse, 4 articular).
• Primary curves: thoracic, sacrococcygeal. Secondary: cervical, lumbar.
• Pure dislocation only in the cervical spine (C4/5, C5/6).
• Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis; spondylolisthesis usually L5 on S1.
• Vertebra = caudal half of one sclerotome + cranial half of the next.
• Spina bifida: neural arch halves fail to fuse.
• Bone: type I collagen + hydroxyapatite.
• Osteoblast builds, osteocyte maintains, osteoclast resorbs.

اٹلس میں مکمل نوٹ میں یہ بھی شامل ہے

خصوصیات · Articulations · Action · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت

مفت سائن اِن کریں تاکہ اسے 3D ماڈل پر دیکھیں، مکمل نوٹ پڑھیں اور اس پر سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

ماخذ

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 2, PDF pp. 124–155
• Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 10, PDF pp. 134–137
• BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 120, 121–125, 130

back سے مزید

• Atlas (C1)
• Axis (C2)
• Cervical vertebrae
• Deep muscles of the back
• Intervertebral discs
• Ligaments of the vertebral column
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Spinal cord
• Spinal nerves
• Suboccipital muscles
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Thoracolumbar fascia

پرائیویسی پالیسی · ڈیزائن: DATXOC LLC.