اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Back

Thoracic vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae that carry the ribs. Typical thoracic vertebrae (T2 to T8) have costal facets on the bodies and on the transverse processes.

اہم نکات

• Carry ribs: costal facets on bodies + transverse processes.
• T2–T8: superior and inferior demifacets.
• T1: full facet (rib 1) + demifacet (rib 2). T11, T12: full facets, no transverse facets.
• Small canal → cord badly damaged in thoracic fracture dislocations.
• Vertebra = caudal half of one sclerotome + cranial half of the next.
• Spina bifida: neural arch halves fail to fuse.
• Bone: type I collagen + hydroxyapatite.
• Osteoblast builds, osteocyte maintains, osteoclast resorbs.

اٹلس میں مکمل نوٹ میں یہ بھی شامل ہے

خصوصیات · Articulations · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت

مفت سائن اِن کریں تاکہ اسے 3D ماڈل پر دیکھیں، مکمل نوٹ پڑھیں اور اس پر سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

ماخذ

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 4, PDF pp. 485–486; ch. 2, PDF pp. 128–129, 184
• Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 10, PDF pp. 134–137, 138
• BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 121–125, 130

back سے مزید

• Thoracolumbar fascia
• Vertebral column
• Atlas (C1)
• Axis (C2)
• Cervical vertebrae
• Deep muscles of the back
• Intervertebral discs
• Ligaments of the vertebral column
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Spinal cord
• Spinal nerves
• Suboccipital muscles

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