اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Back

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra, identified by the peg-like odontoid process (dens) projecting upward from its body. The dens is the body of the atlas, fused to the axis during development.

اہم نکات

• Dens (odontoid process) = body of the atlas fused to C2.
• Ligaments: apical, alar ×2, cruciate (transverse part), membrana tectoria.
• Odontoid fracture: falls or blows on the head.
• Hangman’s fracture: pedicles of C2, hyperextension; cord often spared.
• Odontoid may remain separate.
• Vertebra = caudal half of one sclerotome + cranial half of the next.
• Bone: type I collagen + hydroxyapatite.
• Osteoblast builds, osteocyte maintains, osteoclast resorbs.

اٹلس میں مکمل نوٹ میں یہ بھی شامل ہے

خصوصیات · Articulations · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت

مفت سائن اِن کریں تاکہ اسے 3D ماڈل پر دیکھیں، مکمل نوٹ پڑھیں اور اس پر سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

ماخذ

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 2, PDF pp. 128–129, 145, 154
• Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 10, PDF pp. 134–137, 138
• BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 121–125, 130

back سے مزید

• Cervical vertebrae
• Deep muscles of the back
• Intervertebral discs
• Ligaments of the vertebral column
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Spinal cord
• Spinal nerves
• Suboccipital muscles
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Thoracolumbar fascia
• Vertebral column
• Atlas (C1)

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