اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Upper limb

Humerus

The long bone of the arm. Its head articulates with the glenoid cavity at the shoulder; its lower end, with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

اہم نکات

Surgical neck → axillary nerve + posterior circumflex humeral artery.
Spiral groove (mid-shaft) → radial nerve + profunda brachii.
Behind the medial epicondyle → ulnar nerve.
Supracondylar fracture (child) → brachial artery → Volkmann contracture.
Bicipital groove holds the long head of biceps; capitulum → radius, trochlea → ulna.
Shaft: primary centre; ends: secondary centres; growth at the epiphyseal plate.
Limb bones: limb-bud mesenchyme, endochondral (except clavicle).
Long bone: endochondral ossification; epiphyseal plate closes ~20 y.
Bone: type I collagen + hydroxyapatite.

Relations · خصوصیات · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت

مفت سائن اِن کریں تاکہ اسے 3D ماڈل پر دیکھیں، مکمل نوٹ پڑھیں اور اس پر سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 3, PDF pp. 225–230
Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 7, PDF pp. 98, 102–104; ch. 10, PDF pp. 141, 145
BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 121–125, 126–129, 130