اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Lower limb

Femur

The thigh bone, the longest bone in the body. It articulates above with the acetabulum (hip joint) and below with the tibia and patella (knee joint).

اہم نکات

Neck–shaft angle ~125° (child ~160°).
Head blood: medial circumflex femoral (retinacular) + artery of the ligament of the head.
Subcapital neck fracture → avascular necrosis; leg short + laterally rotated.
Linea aspera behind; adductor tubercle on the medial condyle.
Distal-third fracture → popliteal artery at risk (gastrocnemius pull).
Shaft: primary centre; ends: secondary centres; growth at the epiphyseal plate.
Limb bones: limb-bud mesenchyme, endochondral (except clavicle).
Long bone: endochondral ossification; epiphyseal plate closes ~20 y.
Bone: type I collagen + hydroxyapatite.

خصوصیات · Blood supply · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت

مفت سائن اِن کریں تاکہ اسے 3D ماڈل پر دیکھیں، مکمل نوٹ پڑھیں اور اس پر سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 11, PDF pp. 1250–1256, 1391–1396
Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 7, PDF pp. 98, 102–104; ch. 10, PDF pp. 141, 145
BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 121–125, 126–129, 130