اناٹومی مطالعاتی نوٹ · Abdomen
Kidney
The paired retroperitoneal organs that excrete metabolic waste as urine and control water, electrolyte and acid–base balance. They lie high on the posterior abdominal wall beside the vertebral column; the right is a little lower because of the liver.
اہم نکات
- Retroperitoneal; right lower than left.
- Hilum front → back: vein, artery, ureter (VAU).
- Capsule → perirenal fat → renal fascia → pararenal fat.
- Pyramid → papilla → minor → major calyx → pelvis → ureter.
- Renal artery at L2; renal vein → IVC.
- Horseshoe kidney caught under the IMA.
- Nephrons: metanephros (intermediate mesoderm). Collecting system: ureteric bud.
- Filtration barrier: fenestrated endothelium + basal lamina + slit diaphragm.
- PCT: brush border, resorbs all glucose.
اٹلس میں مکمل نوٹ میں یہ بھی شامل ہے
Relations · خصوصیات · Blood supply · Nerve supply · Lymph drainage · Histology · Development · طبی اہمیت
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ماخذ
- Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th ed., ch. 7, PDF pp. 932–950
- Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology, ch. 16, PDF pp. 277, 282–285
- BRS Cell Biology & Histology, 7th ed., ch. 18, PDF pp. 320–325
abdomen سے مزید
- Large intestine
- Linea alba
- Liver
- Lumbar plexus
- Pancreas
- Peritoneum
- Portal vein
- Psoas major
- Pyramidalis
- Quadratus lumborum
- Rectus abdominis
- Renal arteries and veins
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